Aristotle on Democracy and Government

Aristotle on Democracy and Government Aristotle, one of the greatest philosophers of all time, a teacher of world leader Alexander the Great, and a prolific writer on a variety of subjects we might not think related to philosophy, provides important information on ancient politics. He distinguishes between good and bad forms of ruling in all the basic systems; thus there are good and bad forms of the rule by one (mon-archy), a few (olig-archy, arist-ocracy), or many (dem-ocracy). All Government Types Have a Negative Form For Aristotle, democracy is not the best form of government. As is also true of oligarchy and monarchy, rule in a democracy is for and by the people named in the government type. In a democracy, rule is by and for the needy. In contrast, rule of law or aristocracy (literally, power [rule] of the best) or even monarchy, where the ruler has the interest of his country at heart, are better types of government. Best Fit to Rule Government, Aristotle says, should be by those people with enough time on their hands to pursue virtue. This is a far cry from the current U.S. drive towards campaign financing laws designed to make the political life available even to those without well-endowed fathers. It is also very different from the modern career politician who derives his wealth at the expense of the citizenry. Aristotle thinks rulers should be propertied and leisured, so, without other worries, they can invest their time in producing virtue. Laborers are too busy. Book III - But the citizen whom we are seeking to define is a citizen in the strictest sense, against whom no such exception can be taken, and his special characteristic is that he shares in the administration of justice, and in offices. He who has the power to take part in the deliberative or judicial administration of any state is said by us to be a citizens of that state; and, speaking generally, a state is a body of citizens sufficing for the purposes of life.... For tyranny is a kind of monarchy which has in view the interest of the monarch only; oligarchy has in view the interest of the wealthy; democracy, of the needy: none of them the common good of all. Tyranny, as I was saying, is monarchy exercising the rule of a master over the political society; oligarchy is when men of property have the government in their hands; democracy, the opposite, when the indigent, and not the men of property, are the rulers. Book VII The citizens must not lead the life of mechanics or tradesmen, for such a life is ignoble, and inimical to virtue. Neither must they be farmers, since leisure is necessary both for the development of virtue and the performance of political duties. Sources Aristotle PoliticsFeatures on Democracy in Ancient Greece and the Rise of DemocracyAncient Writers on Democracy AristotleThucydides via Pericles Funeral OrationIsocratesHerodotus Compares Democracy With Oligarchy and MonarchyPseudo-Xenophon

English for Medical Purposes

English for Medical Purposes Pain that comes and goes might be chronic pain, or it might be just be something that indicates another condition. This dialogue might take place during a routine checkup, or perhaps during a trip to the emergency room, or urgent care. In all cases, doctors will often ask how strong the pain is on a scale of one to ten, as well as any activity that may have caused the pain to take place.   Pain that Comes and Goes Doctor: How long have you been having this pain?Patient: It started in June. So for more than five months now. My stomach hurts after some meals, but not always. Doctor: You should have come in earlier. Lets get to the bottom of this. Have you changed your eating habits during this period?Patient: No, not really. Well, thats not true. Im eating the same foods, but less. You know, the pain seems to come and go. Doctor: How strong is the pain exactly? On a scale of one to ten, how would you describe the intensity of the pain?Patient: Well, Id say the pain is about a two on a scale of one to ten. Like I say, its not really bad. It just keeps coming back... Doctor: How long does the pain last when you get it?Patient: It comes and goes. Sometimes, I hardly feel anything. Other times, it can last up to half an hour or more. Doctor: Is there a type of food that seems to cause stronger pain than other types?Patient: Hmmm ... heavy foods like steak or lasagna usually brings it on. Ive been trying to avoid those. Doctor: Does the pain travel to any other parts of your body - chest, shoulder or back? Or does it remain around the stomach area.Patient: No, it just hurts here. Doctor: What about if I touch here? Does it hurt there?  Patient: Ouch! Yesa, it hurts there. What do you think it is doctor? Doctor: Im not sure. I think we should take some x-rays to find out if youve broken anything.  Patient: Will that be expensive? Doctor: I dont think so. Youre insurance should cover routine x-rays. Key Vocabulary backbrokenchesteating habitsheavy foodsinsuranceon a scale of one to tenpainshoulderstomachto avoidto come and goto cover somethingto get to the bottom of somethingto hurtto keep coming backto last (an amount of time)x-rays Check your understanding with this multiple choice comprehension quiz. More English for Medical Purposes Dialogues Troubling Symptoms - Doctor and PatientJoint Pain - Doctor and PatientA Physical Examination - Doctor and PatientA Prescription - Doctor, and PatientFeeling Queasy - Nurse and PatientHelping a Patient - Nurse and PatientPatient Details - Administration Staff and Patient More Dialogue Practice - Includes level and target structures/language functions for each dialogue.

Bankability Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Bankability Law - Essay Example One of the major aspects of project financing is understanding the reason for project financing, preparing the financial plan, determining the risks of the project, designing the project, and sourcing the required finance for the completion of the project. The last aspect of project financing, sourcing the funds, requires a broad knowledge for designing contractual agreements, to support the bid or finances. In many cases, the financiers of the project will include government agencies, private partnerships, financing structures, and major financial institutions. The financing institutions will usually require an analysis of the project so that the credit requirements of the borrower can be ascertained, the borrowing capacity of the project be ascertained, and the project analyzed in terms of cash flows, expected return and the repayment of the cost. The financing institutions will take into account the tax and accounting issues of the project and the risk factors to determine the fea sibility of completion and the chances of repayment. In this case, the concept of bankability refers to the consideration taken by a lender to determine whether a project is feasible and will repay the loan provided for its implementation2. A project in finance is usually considered bankable if the major providers of funds are willing to lend to finance the project. Many projects are funded on a project finance consideration, where a special procedure is set to determine the estimated cash flows and determine whether the project is feasible. In terms of bankability, the project financier will assess the expected cash flows and duration of the project; assess the risks associated with the project to determine whether the project is a credible choice for financing. The financing for a project is usually repaid through the cash flows earned from a project, and a financier will always look to the assets and revenues of the project before extending a loan. In traditional forms of finance , the financier will consider the past credit performance of the borrower and determine the ability to repay a loan, but in project financing, the lender considers the ability of the project to repay its financing. The subject of risk of the project is also important since the lender usually has no recourse to the project assets; therefore, the expected cash flows are used to repay the loan3. This means that the credit risk associated with the borrower is of no consequence, instead, the risk associated with the project determines the amount and duration of the loan being extended. However, before the lender decides whether to lend to the project controllers, some risk issues have to be assessed and the project itself analyzed. According to Vinter4, bankability differs in terms of the deal itself, the market for the project, and the risks associated with the project. This means that different projects have different associations for bankability, depending on the lender’s view of the feasibility of the project. This paper will analyze the risks that lenders will analyze when considering the bankability of a project, the steps taken to mitigate these risks, and the decisions regarding the bankability of projects. The paper will then exemplify the issue of bankability using already completed projects in the global market. Risk minimization process The consideration of the bankability o

The Impact of Workplace Diversity on Job Performance. (Walmart case Essay

The Impact of Workplace Diversity on Job Performance. (Walmart case study) - Essay Example Findings revealed that workforce diversity has both positive and negative impacts on job performance in Walmart and that current diversity-related issues are not that damaging yet to the strategic objectives of the company. Results also showed that the most effective strategy to counter the potential negative impact of workforce diversity in the organization is to implement evidence-based initiatives which are to be introduced in several phases. Moreover, there are multifarious benefits of workforce diversity to the company. Recommendations forwarded include continuously reinforcing positive impacts, neutralizing the negative impact, evaluating diversity profiles, revisiting policies, and soliciting feedback NOW to make sure that the gap between diversity requirements and the mechanisms that address these are limited at tolerable levels. More importantly, Walmart should sustain the momentum of its diverse workforce in bringing value to the company. Introduction: Strategic human resource management (HRM) is an integral approach aimed at reaching organizational goals. It correlates about how an institution directs the performance of its officers and workers within a targeted period to perfect the company’s relation with the market and to ensure that it’s able to achieve shareholders’ expectations based on the confluence and influential factors driven by the state of the economy. Russu (1993) posited that HRM is achieved if an organization has nurtured a formal structure of organization using its human capital in the perfection of desired performance. As such, the company must be able to (a) develop strategic approaches to motivate them in order to engage them in all necessary tasks; (b) permit the organization to function for efficiency and effectiveness of services; (c) adhere to objectives using standards and performance control or systems; (d) make some essential decisions about employment in relation to organizational effectiveness; (e) appreciation of diversity to gather leverage in the market and to make the services harmonious to market; and to nurture high productivity in its economic and corporate activities. Russu (1993) pointed that HRM is therefore about defining strategies to assure concordance in business strategy and human resources strategy. It is also interested about developing a comprehensive process in the application of policies and workplace ethics or practices by setting down the integrated human resources’ desired behaviours and nurturing commitments from workforces. The objectives of this research are to broadly investigate the

Jazz :: essays research papers

The conceptual idea of humanism has existed since before the years of Christ. Biblical records state that when man was created he was made in the image of God. This image has been passed down throughout the civilizations of Greece ,Egypt, and Roman times and it has been passed down to our civilization of today. The evidence of this is in the art of yesterday and the way we view art of today. The way we view art today is in such a way that we feel and conceptualize what we create. We create things in the image of how we view our life, our civilization, and our status in this civilization. In applying the things stated in the previous thought to the human life the result will be art . Culture is a distinct component of what society is. Culture is in all essence what culture does. The whole purpose of culture is to in a way define a specific race or creed. Culture is what makes us unique and very individual. An example of this is myself and my cousin named Brandon. We are both in the same family and we both have been raised with the same values but what makes us different is the culture we have adopted in our lives to help us define the way we feel about ourselves and the way we feel about society. I feel as if the afro-American race is moving in a progressive manner towards unity and he feels as if the Afro-American race as a whole is moving towards separation by the complexion of their skin. The culture that I have adopted has shaped my views and ideas and the culture he has adopted has shaped his thoughts and ideas. My ideas are not better than his nor are his better than mine ,just different. Civilization is defined as many things but you can only define what is civil for your own civilization. Many people have a definition of what a civilization is but when they make this definition it is by their own standards which is wrong. A civilization is a place or group of people who can defend themselves from enemies, get or create a quantity of food, establish a currency, and develop a trade with others. In America we view life as a sacred and very precious thing . In other countries death is viewed as the

Accounting Statement of Purpose

Hello! I am going to apply to Msc Accounting and Finance Management programme. I would be grateful if you could give me feedback. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: I studied a Bachelor's degree in Accounting. During the undergraduate degree I took a variety of subjects in taxes, finance, auditing, economics, accounting and business management. Taking a variety of subjects in university allowed me to see where my interests and strengths lie.The subjects that grabbed my attention during the final year in the university were taxation, business management and finance. It was through doing these subjects that I discovered I would like to pursue my career in either of these fields. As part of my desire to have a broad knowledge in business management, I wrote the final-year dissertation focused on this field. Which was titled â€Å"How far proper management lead your business to success†. In July 2007, I was hired by one of the big four accountancy firms, where I develop an employment as tax consultant.Through this job, I have understood the important role played by the accountancy in business. Definitely book-keeping, preparing financial statements, establishing and maintaining accurate financial records provide a general overview of how business is doing. In my experience I have realized that accountants specialized in taxation besides technical-legal knowledge, they must have wide knowledge of accounting and its procedures as well as theory to properly evaluate financial information.With this knowledge the consultants must be able to ensure if records are accurate according with government regulations, identify companies' opportunities and provide advice on improving efficiency. The reasons mentioned above besides my long-term goal to pursue a career as a controller encourage me to seek for a professional accounting and finance management program, which allow me to obtain the abilit y to effectively analyze accounting records, interpret financial statements as well as acquired a wide overview regarding management functions within an organization.Selecting a graduate school is not an easy task; there are certain aspects to look at while considering a school. After comparing some accounting and finance programs provide by Dublin universities. I found the MSC at Griffith College like the one that meet my academic and professional goals. Other reasons to choose this colleges are: its prestige, it is recognized as one of the top private universities in Dublin, program' structure which fully meets my academic and professional objectives, the subjects that caught my attention are: international financial management.I am certain that the MSC in accounting and finance management provided by Griffith College will provide a lot of advantages besides helping me to achieve my academic and professional objectives, such as: improve foreign language skills, opportunity to work with people from diverse backgrounds, exposure to new learning environments, cultures, obtain an international perspective and by this way understand other points of view, enhance future job prospects. I am certain that the wide knowledge that the Msc in accounting and finance management provides, will give me with the necessary tools to succeed in my career.

Biography of Robert Kennedy, US Attorney General

Robert Kennedy was the attorney general of the United States in the administration of his older brother, President John F. Kennedy, and later served as a U.S. senator from New York. He became a candidate for the presidency in 1968, with opposition to the war in Vietnam as his central issue. Kennedy’s vibrant campaign energized young voters, but the great sense of optimism he represented ended in tragedy when he was mortally wounded immediately after declaring victory in the California primary. Kennedys death not only served to mark 1968 as a shocking and violent year, it changed the course of American politics for years to follow. Fast Facts: Robert F. Kennedy Known For: Attorney General of the U.S. during administration of his brother, John F. Kennedy; Senator from New York; presidential candidate in 1968Born: November 20, 1925 in Brookline, MassachusettsDied: June 6, 1968 in Los Angeles, California, victim of assassinationSpouse: Ethel Skakel Kennedy (b.1928), married June 17, 1950Children: Kathleen, Joseph, Robert Jr., David, Courtney, Michael, Kerry, Christopher, Max, Douglas, Rory Early Life Robert Francis Kennedy was born November 20, 1925, in Brookline, Massachusetts. His father, Joseph Kennedy, was a banker and his mother, Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, was the daughter of the former mayor of Boston, John F. Honey Fitz Fitzgerald. Robert was the seventh child in the family, and the third son. Growing up in the increasingly wealthy Kennedy family, Robert lived a very privileged life as a child. When his father was named the U.S. ambassador to Great Britain by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1938, the Kennedy children were featured in news stories and even movie newsreels depicting their travels to London. As a teenager, Robert Kennedy attended Milton Academy, a prestigious prep school in a Boston suburb, and Harvard College. His education was interrupted when he enlisted in the U.S. Navy shortly after his oldest brother, Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., was killed in action in World War II. He was commissioned a lieutenant in the Navy, but saw no action. He returned to college following the wars end, graduating from Harvard in 1948. Kennedy entered law school at the University of Virginia, from which he graduated in the class of 1951. While in law school he dated Ethel Skakel, whom he had met while helping to manage his brothers congressional campaign. They were married on June 17, 1950. They would eventually have 11 children. Their family life, at a Virginia estate known as Hickory Hill, would become a focus of fascination for the public, as celebrities from the world of show business and sports would visit for parties which often involved touch football games. Robert Kennedy (left) and John Kennedy in a Senate hearing room.   Bettmann/Getty Images Washington Career Kennedy joined the criminal division of the U.S. Department of Justice in 1951. In 1952, his older brother, Congressman John F. Kennedy, successfully ran for the U.S. Senate. Robert Kennedy then resigned from the Justice Department. He was hired as a staff attorney for the U.S. Senate committee run by Senator Joseph McCarthy. Kennedy worked for McCarthys committee for five months. He resigned in the summer of 1953, after becoming disgusted with McCarthys tactics. Following his interlude working with McCarthy, Kennedy moved to a staff job as an attorney working for the Democratic minority in the U.S. Senate. After the Democrats took the majority in the Senate in the elections of 1954, he became the chief counsel for the U.S. Senates Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. Kennedy convinced Senator John McClellan, who chaired the Investigations subcommittee, to form a select committee on labor racketeering. The new committee became known in the press as the Rackets Committee, as it specialized in investigating organized crime infiltration in labor unions. Senator John F. Kennedy served on the committee. With Robert as chief counsel often asking the questions of witnesses in lively hearings, the Kennedy brothers became familiar figures in the news. Jimmy Hoffa gesturing to Robert Kennedy at a Senate hearing.   Bettmann/Getty Images Kennedy vs. Jimmy Hoffa At the Rackets Committee, Robert Kennedy focused on investigations of the Teamsters Union, which represented the nations truck drivers. The unions president, Dave Beck, was widely assumed to be corrupt. When Beck was replaced by Jimmy Hoffa, who was rumored to be deeply associated with organized crime, Robert Kennedy began to target Hoffa. Hoffa had grown up poor and had a well-deserved reputation as a tough guy in the Teamsters Union. He and Robert Kennedy could not have been more different, and when they squared off in a televised hearing in the summer of 1957, they became stars in a real-life drama. Hoffa, making wisecracks in a gravelly voice, was defiant in the face of Kennedys pointed questioning. To anyone watching it seemed obvious that the two men despised each other. To Kennedy, Hoffa was a thug. To Hoffa, Kennedy was a spoiled brat. Robert Kennedy at the Justice Department, 1964. Bettmann/Getty Images   Attorney General When John F. Kennedy ran for president in 1960, his brother Robert served as his campaign manager. After Kennedy defeated Richard M. Nixon, he began to select his cabinet, and there was talk of picking Robert Kennedy to be the nations attorney general. The decision was naturally controversial, as it sparked charges of nepotism. But the new president felt strongly that he needed his brother, who had become his most trusted adviser, in the government. As attorney general of the U.S., Robert Kennedy continued his feud with Jimmy Hoffa. A team of federal prosecutors became widely known as the Get Hoffa Squad, and the Teamster boss was investigated by federal grand juries. Hoffa was eventually convicted and served a term in federal prison. Robert Kennedy was also focused on organized crime figures, and at one point advised President Kennedy not to deal with Frank Sinatra because of the singers friendships with mobsters. Such events became fodder for later conspiracy theories that the assassinations of the Kennedy brothers were connected to organized crime. As the Civil Rights Movement gained traction in the early 1960s, Kennedy, as attorney general, was often monitoring developments and at times sending federal agents to maintain order or enforce laws. A serious complication developed as FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, who hated Martin Luther King, wanted to tap Kings phones and plant listening devices in his hotel rooms. Hoover was convinced that King was a communist and a enemy of the United States. Kennedy eventually acquiesced and gave approval to the wiretaps. Senator From New York Following his brothers violent death in November 1963, Robert Kennedy went into a period of mourning and sadness. He was still the nations attorney general, but his heart wasnt in the job, and he was not happy working with the new president, Lyndon B. Johnson. In the summer of 1964, Kennedy began to seriously think of running for a U.S. Senate seat in New York. The Kennedy family had lived in New York for a time during his childhood, so Kennedy had some link to the state. Yet he was portrayed by his opponent, the Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating, as a carpetbagger, meaning someone who came into a state just to win an election. Kennedy won the election in November 1964, and took office as a senator in early 1965. As the brother of the recently assassinated president, and someone who had been in the national news a decade, he immediately had a high profile on Capitol Hill. Kennedy took his new job seriously, spending time studying local issues, visiting rural parts of New York State, and advocating for impoverished neighborhoods in New York City. He also traveled overseas, and put a focus on issues of poverty around the globe. One issue would begin to dominate Kennedys time in the Senate: the escalating and increasingly costly war in Vietnam. Though American involvement in Vietnam had been a feature of his brothers presidency, Kennedy came to believe the war was unwinnable and the loss of American lives needed to end. Robert Kennedy campaigning in Detroit in 1968. Andrew Sacks/Getty Images   The Anti-War Candidate Another Democratic senator, Eugene McCarthy, had entered the race against President Johnson and nearly beat him in the New Hampshire primary. Kennedy sensed that challenging Johnson was not an impossible quest, and within a week he entered the race. Kennedys campaign immediately took off. He began attracting large crowds at campaign stops in states holding primaries. His campaign style was energetic, as he would plunge into crowds, shaking hands. Two weeks after Kennedys entry into the 1968 race, President Johnson shocked the nation announcing that he would not run again. Kennedy began to seem like the favorite to win the Democratic nomination, especially after strong showings in primaries in Indiana and Nebraska. After losing the primary in Oregon, he came back strong and won the California primary on June 4, 1968. Death After celebrating his victory in a Los Angeles hotel ballroom, Kennedy was shot at close range in the hotels kitchen in the early hours of June 5, 1968. He was taken to a hospital, where he died of a head wound on June 6, 1968. Crowds lined railroad tracks as Robert Kennedys body returned to Washington. Bettmann/Getty Images After a funeral mass at St. Patricks Cathedral in New York City, Kennedys body was taken to Washington, D.C., by train on Saturday, June 8, 1968. In a scene reminiscent of the funeral train of Abraham Lincoln, mourners lined the railroad tracks between New York and Washington. He was buried that evening in Arlington National Cemetery, a short distance from President Kennedys grave. His killing, coming two months after the assassination of Martin Luther King, and less than five years after President Kennedy’s murder, became one of the most memorable events of the 1960s. Robert Kennedys assassination cast a pall over the election campaign. There was a feeling among many that he would have won the presidency in 1968, and the modern history of the United States would have been quite different. Kennedys younger brother, Edward Ted Kennedy kept the familys political tradition going, serving in the U.S. Senate until his death in 2009. Children and grandchildren of Robert Kennedy have also served in political office, including Joe Kennedy III, who represents a Massachusetts district in the U.S. House of Representatives. Sources: Edelman, Peter. Kennedy, Robert Francis. The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Thematic Series: The 1960s, edited by William L. ONeill and Kenneth T. Jackson, vol. 1, Charles Scribners Sons, 2003, pp. 532-537.Robert Francis Kennedy. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 8, Gale, 2004, pp. 508-509.Tye, Larry.  Bobby Kennedy: the Making of a Liberal Icon. Random House, 2016.