Sample Guide Sketchup Free Essays

1-Close ALL Applications and go disconnected 2-Open GoogleSketchUpProMEN. DMG and Install (This is variant 8. 0, in Trial mode, downloaded legitimately from the Sketchup site †May 2011) 3-Once Installed, yet not Opened: A-Goto HD/Applications/Google Sketchup 8/SketchUp B-Right-click Sketchup and select †Show Package Contents C-Goto Contents/MacOS/D-Replace the SketchUp record with Sketchup from the Cracks envelope 4-Do a similar method on both LayOut and Style_Builder †Right snap, Show Package Contents, goto Contents/MacOS and supplant the individual documents with the Cracked variants. We will compose a custom exposition test on Test Guide Sketchup or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now †Making sure you are still disconnected, open Sketchup and keep a note of the specific Time you opened it! A-Goto SketchUp/File/Preferences/General and un-tick Automatically Check for refreshes. 6-Close Sketchup will have now made concealed documents for which it relies upon to terminate the Trial. For the accompanying you should show concealed documents in Finder. On the off chance that you don’t realize how to do that, best do your own exploration. 7-With concealed records appeared in Finder: A-Goto HD/Library/Application Support/ In Finder, request the records section by Date Modified, you should locate a concealed document looking something like this . hkzftzgrc It might have an alternate variety of lettering yet in the event that it was Modified a similar time you ran Sketchup, at that point that’s the record you need to Lock. (Select the document, Press Command-I, and tick the Lock box) B-Goto HD/(your username)/Here again you should locate another shrouded record looking like . hkzftmgrc . Ensuring it was made a similar time you opened Sketchup, lock this one as well. †Extra insurances †it’s been proposed to bolt †HD/(your username)/Preferences/com. google. sketchuppro8. plist †however this will likewise bolt ALL your preset choices inside Sketchup. I’m not certain this is important. Likewise a record to Lock might be made here †HD/(your username)/Caches/com. google. sketchuppro8/Cache. db †yet it was not created on my establishment And It wouldn’t hurt either to un-tick ‘Check For Updates’ in LayOut and Style_Builder That’s it, trust it works for you, Enjoy! The most effective method to refer to Sample Guide Sketchup, Papers

Macbeth and to Kill a Mockingbird Essay

The play Macbeth and the novel to murder a Mockingbird comprise of numerous likenesses, some wherein are more evident than others. Both of these two incredible literary works have the normal topic of trust in equity, comparative characters, and furthermore both the novel and the Shakespearian play have the anticipation and force in the environment. In the novel to execute a Mockingbird and the play Macbeth, both convey a message of trust in equity. In the novel we see two youngsters being decided upon their physical attributes and the thing others have said about them. Tom Robinson was a man who lived on the opposite side of Maycomb, the side of â€Å"poor and worthless† minorities individuals. The general public of Maycomb jugged him for his shading rather then what Atticus needed to state about him in the court. Another character named Boo Rady was being decided by individuals who lived in the area; kids grew up having this thought of him being an alarming man who cut his da d in the leg. Despite the fact that every one of those accounts being advised to Scout and Jem were not precise the local despite everything passed on the narratives. Be that as it may, trust in equity was still in that society, the novel finished with scout understanding and acknowledging Boo Radly. Likewise equity was brought to Tom despite the fact that he had been executed by the prison watches when attempting to get away, the general public idea they had won, yet Tom’s recognition made the network question partiality and its evilness towards individuals. The malevolence in the general public had not vanquished in this story, since Tom was so powerful to the network. Presently taking a gander at the play Macbeth, the desire for equity was brought to the play by Macduff. He stud facing Macbeths’ malicious aspiration and reclaimed what has a place with Malcom. In the novel and the play equity was being overlooked until the consummation; where everybody got what they merited. In the play Macbeth and the novel to slaughter a Mockingbird the characters have diverse accepts and standpoint for the existence they live in. Characters, for example, Macduff and Jem live in two distinctive timeframe and their ages are totally different however on the off chance that you take a gander at their ethics and the manner in which they live their life’s we see similitudes. Macduff is a developed man with obligations as a dad and a trooper, he’s a man who cherishes his nation and would effectively shield it from malevolence, and he additionally goes to bat for what he has confidence in and has the eye that attempts to see the great side of individuals. †¦. In Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth† extraordinary powers make an emotional air. The play starts with the tension of what will Macbeth do with the prophases he has gotten. Certain uncanny similarities between Tom Robinson and Boo Radley’s lives exist in Harper Lee’s To Kill A Mockingbird. Frequently huge gatherings of individuals misconstrue certain abnormal people. Now and then they generalization the individual; different occasions, they essentially try not to discover reality.

A Cheat Sheet for Crushing Your First Workday in Your Next Job

A Cheat Sheet for Crushing Your First Workday in Your Next Job You’ve made it! You’ve gone through the application process, you’ve nailed the job interview and you’ve landed a contract. Suddenly the realization kicks in:“I’m about to have my first day and now I’ll scream internally for a moment!”While you’re undoubtedly excited about starting at your dream job, you’re most likely also scared and nervous. We all know first impressions matter so what you do (or don’t do) during your first workday can have a huge impact on your future career and place in the organization. To ensure you’re able to crush the first workday in your next job, take a moment to memorize this cheat sheet of things you must do (and those you shouldn’t).WHAT TO DO THE DAY (OR TWO) BEFOREIf you want to crush your first workday in your next job, you can’t just turn up and hope everything goes well. Preparation is key to success. If you do the following things on the day before (or a few days before), you have more chances of getting the first day right:Pick you work outfitGetting your outfit right is not essential just for the job interview, you also don’t want to show up dressed up improperly on your first workday. This is the day to meet a lot of new people and you want to dress to impress.So, how to get the work outfit right? You need to:Check the company dress code â€" If you can find it from the company website, check with the HR or someone else working in the organization.Pick an outfit that matches the policy â€" Select your clothes according to the company policy. If you don’t have time to find it out what the dress code is or you are uncertain, opt for business smart.Choose something that’s comfortable and gives you confidence â€" You don’t want to be thinking about the outfit during the day, so ensure your clothes make you feel good. This means have something with a proper fit, in fabrics that don’t irritate, and in colors and patterns that you are comfortable to wear â€" don’t pick a bright red shirt if you feel shy about it.Wash and iron your clothes â€" Don’t show up in dirty and wrinkly clothing. If you’re scared of washing or ironing your own clothes, find a dry cleaner and get the clothes sorted.Here are work wear tips by Popsugar for women: For men, check out the tips by Alex Costa: Remind yourself of the reasons you took the jobIt’s a good idea to remind yourself of the things that led you to apply for the role and the reasons for accepting it. This is helpful in two ways:It helps you remember what the role is about and the tasks you are expected to do.It gives you extra motivation top prepare for the day.This is also a great chance to catch up with company or industry news. So, make sure you check whether something noticeable has happened after your interview preparation â€" for example, knowing the company has new ownership is helpful and will ensure you don’t make any silly blunders.Prepare any questions you might haveYou’re probably nervous about the first day and there will be things you need to check with the manager and the team. But when you are nervous, you might forget to ask them in the heat of the moment.Instead, create a list of things you want and need to ask to make the first day smoother and help you kick start your career in the job.The question can include things like:Who do I contact if there are problems?Where is the HR department or any other department I might use?You do not, however, want to ask obvious questions like:What am I supposed to do?Can I use Facebook on th e computer? (Unless you are really going to need it in order to do your job)So, don’t be afraid to ask questions, but don’t waste time with the obvious ones â€" you should figure certain things out yourself.Learn your commute routeYou must learn the route to work beforehand, as there’s one thing you do not want to happen to you on the first day: you being late. So, remember to:Learn the route â€" Write down any changes you might need to make on public transport or the road names you need to drive to get to work.Check the schedule for public transport  â€" Even if you think you know it, check it out, as there might have been last minute changes!Create a Plan B â€" Have an alternative route in case there are traffic jams, the car won’t start or the public transport is in chaos.Have the work address written down on paper, not just your phone â€" Your phone might decide to act up and you don’t want to just rely on it. Always have contact details for the person who’s waiting you and the office address written down on a piece of paper to save the day!Pack your gearYou need to bring a few things with you to your first workday. These make the day smoother, help you deal with issues and ensure you are confident and comfortable.The checklist of items include:A notepad, pencil and a small folder â€" Just in case you need to write things down and you don’t have anything nearby, and a folder for filing any paperwork you get to take home.Your phone and its charger â€" Phone is naturally rather obvious, but the charger is for emergencies to ensure you don’t end the day with an empty phone battery.Gum and some basic painkillers â€" Gum to ensure you have a fresh breath and the painkillers to alleviate sudden pain (you might well get a stress headache from the excitement of the first day).Wallet with money inside â€" Have cash and a card at hand for lunch and possible drinks afterwards with the team. Don’t expect everyone to pay for you just because you are n ew â€" in fact, do offer at least one round if you go for drinks!A small water bottle â€" A just in case item for the commute and to ensure you don’t dehydrate during the day (although, don’t be too shy to ask where the water station is!).Admin information â€" Includes things like:Tax codesBank detailsID papersFor women: any makeup and hygiene products you might need â€" To correct your looks and to avoid uncomfortable situations.The checklist of things you should not bring with you include:Lunch â€" You should definitely eat with the colleagues on the first day and this generally means using the company cafeteria or any other nearby establishmentNAILING THE FIRST WORKDAYSo, the big day has finally arrived. You’ve done all the preparation with the help of the above checklist and now it’s time to nail the first day. What do you need to do and say to make success out of it? Here is your cheat sheet for crushing the first day:Arrive earlyI’ll repeat myself here, but it’s wo rth it: you do not want to be late on your first day. Unless your house caught fire, your grandma died or something extremely unlikely and actually terrifying happens â€" no, a tube strike is not on the list.If you’re supposed to be at work at 9am, make sure you are near the workplace at least 8.45am, preferably at 8.30. Don’t show up 30 minutes early, but just sit at a nearby café and take a deep breath.Listen and observeSpend most of your new day observing the crowd and listening in on the things you’re told. If you can observe and listen, you can quickly learn the ropes of how the company operates and what your position will actually be in the organization.Get to know the teamIt’s crucial to spend enough time getting to know the team. So, introduce yourself to everyone and make note of his or her name and position in the business or the team more specifically. Ronnie White has great tips on how to memorize names, so check it out: To nail your own introduction, create an elevator pitch of yourself.   You’ve probably only heard of those in the context of business ideas, but we should all have one about ourselves. In your new workplace, the elevator pitch should consist the following information:Your nameYour history (where you are from, what kind of family status you have, where did you use to work, etc.)Your position and role in the companyYour goals (what you want to achieve with the firm, what you are most looking forward to, etc.)When someone asks you for lunch or drinks on the first day, accept it! So, make sure you don’t make immediate plans after work or at least be prepared to cancel them â€" you don’t want to turn down invites right from the get-go or you might never get them.Pay attention to the office rulesYou should also start noticing the subtle office rules, as well as the official rules your manager outlines. The company might have a special set of code of conduct and other such documents â€"take your time to read it through, esp ecially before you sign it. Always ask for a copy of any documents you sign if you’re not automatically offered them!In terms of the less obvious rules, pay attention to the way people talk to each other, who hangs out with who and so on. You want to notice the little social rules people tend to follow so you can adapt to them from the start.For example, keep an eye on the average amount of breaks people take and the reaction of the group when people do so â€" you don’t want to be seen as the person who’s always on a break or the person who doesn’t follow the group when they all share a break.The office will have a hierarchy, both an official one and a silent one. While it’s essential to know who you need to talk to when you have questions, need approval and so on, you also want to notice who ‘is in charge’ in an unofficial manner.David Parnell, a legal consultant and author, told Business Insider, this unofficial hierarchy is important “because power can manifest in so many different ways, it is imperative to understand who actually answers to who”.Lear to prioritize from day oneDon’t spend your first day just walking around and taking in the atmosphere. You also want to get your hands dirty, so to speak, as much as possible. It’ll show to your boss you’re passionate, hardworking and ready for the challenge.The key thing to nail down right from the get-go is prioritizing. You’ll most likely have a pile of things you need to go through, tasks you need to finish and things you have to sort out. List each of these, no matter how small, and begin prioritizing them.Use your time to clearing the top priority things (going through the client portfolios, signing the paperwork for HR, e-mailing to your clients to note their contact person has now changed, etc.) and leave the things that can wait until the next day.Tackling the difficult things, in the beginning can be a great way to get started â€" it also helps you to get on the right track from the start. Source: Alchemy for Managers postFinally, don’t be afraid to ask for help. People will understand you’re new and that you can’t know everything at this point â€" they’ve been there themselves! Just ensure you always ask if the person has time and that you find someone that does if they don’t.You also don’t want to run everything with your manager or a team member â€" have confidence in your ability to sort out your turf. For example, if you’ve written an introductory e-mail to your clients, you shouldn’t have to run it by your boss.Show up with the right attitudePerhaps the most important thing to take with you to your new job is the right kind of attitude. You can solve most problems and go through the day successfully if you just approach it the right way. The cheat sheet for the right attitude includes:An open mind and willingness to learn â€" Anything could happen on your first workday and you want to be prepared for it. If people tell you about things, don’t ge t angry and say you already know everything â€" be willing to learn, even if you’re used to doing things differently in your previous job.A smiling face and friendly attitude â€" Smile on your first day and be nice to people. You’ll instantly lose the crowd if you turn up sulking and angry.A relaxed and confident stance on things â€" You were picked out of all the applicants, so you are welcomed and wanted. Don’t stress too much and don’t be afraid to own up to mistakes you might make.A helpful approach â€" You should volunteer to help your colleagues in anything you see them struggling with, especially on the first day. For example, you could do the photocopying if you don’t have anything hugely important to do at that specific moment. Just make sure you offer help only when you can actually offer value to the person and when it doesn’t hinder your ability to get through your own responsibilities.An authentic attitude â€" Be yourself and don’t force yourself to be som ething you’re not. You have to go to work for many more days and you can’t keep up an act forever. Don’t make silly lies like “Oh yes, I love cats” when you clearly hate them. Lying about your interest, experience or personality can come bite you in the end.FOLLOWING UP ON YOUR SUPER DAYThe work is definitely not done after you’ve nailed the first day â€" in fact, it quite literally has just started. All jokes aside, there are things to go through after your first workday to guarantee you’ve truly made the most of it and that you give yourself an even better start to becoming the star performer at your new job.So, instead of spending the whole night drinking wine and celebrating on your success, you should do the following:List the good thingsWhat are the things that went well during the day?Did you get positive feedback? If so, what did the person say?Reminding yourself of the good can reinforce the positive things you did and guarantees you continue on the right path . It helps you gain confidence in your ability. The manager told you were super helpful? Great, now you can continue to offer your help whenever you can as it’s highly appreciated.List the bad thingsWhat are the things that went badly?Did you get negative feedback? If so, what did the person say?You should also be critical and think if there were small blunders or mistakes you made. Accidently used the conference room to talk to a client, even though it should be done at a specific room? Remind yourself of the new things you learned and remember the right room next time.If you received any negative feedback, don’t dwell on it but think how you can counter it the next day.Write down the names of your colleagues with little points of informationRemembering all the names can be hard and the tricks mentioned in the video would hopefully have made it just a bit easier. But on top of this, you can do one more thing that helps you in the following days.Cut a few pieces of paper and wri te the name of the colleague, perhaps with a short description of how they look, and their role in the team or company. You can then list a few things you learned, which can be a nice way to make connections with the person later on. For example:Rita, blonde hair, works as senior accountant, likes Dr WhoYou can then use the cards the next morning to remind yourself of the names and think of something to talk about with the person in order to create a bond. You’ll remember Rita’s name and you can ask about the latest Dr Who episode at work, for instance.Create a to-do list for the next dayWhat tasks do you have for the next day?What are the priorities to do?Creating a to-do list can help ensure you start the next day productively. So, go over the things on your task list and think how to prioritize them. This can show initiative to the managers and they’ll notice you are a quick-learner and passionate about the job.Relax and unwindDon’t spend the whole night worrying or think ing about the job. You don’t want to show up the next day and look more exhausted and therefore, fail on the second day.Eat a good dinner, get a good night’s sleep and enjoy a healthy breakfast the next morning. The image below is a reminder from Consumer Health Digest on just why sleep is important: CRUSHING YOUR FIRST WORKDAY â€" THE BOTTOM LINEThe above cheat sheet will hopefully help you focus on the right things before, during and after your first workday. Just remember to cut yourself some slack â€" you’re not the first new employee and you most likely won’t be the last.If you make a mistake, you’re not going to ruin your career and chances of redemption the following day. So, stay focused and relaxed and keep reminding yourself that they hired you so they know you have the potential to be a success at your new job.

American History The Eyes Of A Woman - 1171 Words

Through the Eyes of a Woman The first day of class, I was shocked that I had never thought of how gender shapes our world today, let alone early America. In high school history classes, the history we studied always seemed to revolve around men and women were never really discussed. I had the notion that women just took a back seat throughout history, when in reality, they played an integral part in shaping early America. The role of gender transformed our country throughout the centuries. When we place women at the center of our analysis of early America, we see history from a fuller, more accurate perspective. The influence of women in American history was critical in the development and establishment of our country. There are†¦show more content†¦The roles women played in early America had a significant influence on a woman’s gender. Housework was a role usually appointed to Chesapeake women. Beatrice Plummer, a mid-18th century woman, spent her days cookin g, brewing beer, baking, tending the fire, and slaughtering pigs. Through the eyes of Beatrice, the strenuous labor she undertook each day, the arrangement of her house and its location geographically, and her interdependence upon other women, defined her gender. Whereas through the eyes of Magdalen Wear, another woman of early America, her gender was very different. Magdalen lived more impoverished than many; she resided in a one-room house and lived a consumer lifestyle rather than making things herself to survive because she did not have the necessary resources. An early American farm woman from northern Iowa said: â€Å"I plant the garden, I feed the chickens, I sell the eggs, I put up a year’s worth of vegetables. I don’t have time to work!† Housework on the farm was a full-time job in itself; her work around the house allowed her husband to go out and do more labor intensive work to support their family. Housework subsidized the house and the economy; without the role of the woman around the house, families would have not been able to support themselves and survive in early America. When we look at history through the eyes of different

The Colonial Period Essay - 1337 Words

The Colonial period is abundant in its source of influential people who help shape present society through questioning past beliefs. Martin Luther leads the Protestant Reformation. John Calvin expands on the idea of predestination. The Puritans live strictly by the word of the Bible, and the Quakers inspire many people to join them in their friendly lifestyle. All of these people contribute to our society today and brave the face of adversity. Martin Luther, born in 1483, comes from a poor upbringing. Religious as a boy, Martin Luther earns his wages by singing hymns. He later enters the Augustinian monastery and becomes a monk. However, he fails to acquire the solace from this lifestyle as his fellow monks do (Project Gutenberg†¦show more content†¦In today’s society, people continue to start controversial ideas about how they think society should operate. Madalyn Murray O’Hair is comparable to Martin Luther in that they both brought up a subject that is v ery contentious. Madalyn Murray O’Hair brings atheism out during a time period where most are strongly fixated in their religious beliefs. However, she gains many followers just as Martin Luther does. Although Martin Luther impacts history greatly, people must remember what role John Calvin has to offer as well. Born in France in 1509, John Calvin is raised as a Roman Catholic by his family. His family is so devoted to the Roman Catholic Church that his dad aspires for his son to become a priest (John Calvin- Calvin College 1). John Calvin later reads Luther’s works and converts to the ‘faith of the Reformation.’ He strongly believes that salvation is achieved through faith and predestination (Cowie 44). In 1537, John Calvin publishes, Institutes of the Christian Religion. In this book, John Calvin states his beliefs on Christianity. He proposes that God has been veiled by the devotion of the people to the Virgin Mary and the saints. He also insists in his book that predestination is how God determines who goes to hell and who goes to heaven. John Calvin writes, â€Å"We call predestination, God’s eternal degree, by which He determined that He willed to become of each man.Show MoreRelatedWomen During The Colonial Period914 Words   |  4 Pageswas my best way to begin to share my impressions of how colonial women lived before and after the reading assignment. I want to start by sharing that I was born overseas, therefore, they way I would probably see women in US History in the colonial period would probably be quite different from someone who was born in the United States. How do you think women in the colonial period lived? They way I thought women lived in the colonial period was basically housemakers who’s only job was managingRead MoreReligion During The Colonial Period1361 Words   |  6 Pages Religion during the Colonial Period was a new outbreak to many of the people traveling to the United States. Some people were traveling to the United States for a better life and some were traveling in search of fortune. Religion became a pivotal part of the survival of Mary Rowlandson and Cabeza De Vaca. Their religious views helped them in numerous ways, such as, to heal others, to escape from pain, and to survive the tortures they endured. The use of religion between Mary Rowlandson and CabezaRead MoreThe American Dream: Colonial Period2656 Words   |  11 PagesThe American Dream: Colonial Period The colonial period gave birth to an idea that would go on to cultivate itself into the minds of all people. Regardless of race, religion, or gender, the American Dream became an embodiment of the goals set forth in society for all individuals. Variations of this dream arose from person to person as the dream took on several different forms. As Jim Cullen states in his book, The American Dream: A Short History of an Idea That Shaped a Nation, â€Å"†¦there is no oneRead MoreSlavery During The Colonial Period Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesCheng Qian CIN: 303520717 History 202A Course Number: 17606 2/14/16 Freed Slaves During the colonial period, a lot of black slaves were brought into the land of America; the population of black slaves in the south plantation once reached the amount of 500,000 and they were oppressed by their masters, which are the white people with privilege. The black slaves did not have any freedoms, and even their lives belong to their masters, they could be tortured, killed, or transferred to other peopleRead MoreAccess Of Education During The Colonial Period859 Words   |  4 PagesAccess to education continued to be problematic even in the colonial time. Individuals with more resources were able to access different books, journals and magazines. Should this really be the case in America today? It is my hope the education continues to transform from the colonial times, with growth in awareness of social economy statuses and awareness of the concerns of everyday citizens. Even though, education reform as continue to change with new leadership on the federal, state and localR ead MoreU.s. History During The Colonial Period928 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most significant events in U.S. history during the late colonial period was the Boston Tea Party. After the Boston Massacre in spring of 1770, all of the Townshend acts had been repealed except the tea tax, and tensions went down, for the most part, between the colonists and the British. Two years later, however, the Gaspee incident and consequent formation of the Committee of Correspondence brought the tension back, to an alarming degree. Then in 1773, when Lord North tried to help theRead MoreHistory Of Tobacco During The Colonial Period1505 Words   |  7 PagesAmanda Dai Mr. Howden Apush, Period 3 15 August 2015 Short Answers 2. (a). Tobacco, as it relates to the early colonial period, was a fundamental cash crop for the southern colonies. It was first discovered by Europeans after Columbus’s first return from the West Indies, and by the early 17th century, tobacco from the Spanish colonies was widely used throughout Europe. John Rolfe, a Jamestown planter, experimented and produced high quality tobacco which quickly spread throughout theRead MoreWhat Factors During The Colonial Period Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesESSAY QUESTION: What factors during the colonial period led to American colonists declaring independence from the British Empire? Be sure to discuss the economic, political, and cultural aspects of the American Revolution. PROVISIONAL HYPOTHESIS: The structure of America revolution to address a various issue, which has great impact on America It, was the procedure where the thirteen colonies of North America became independent of Great Britain also then formed a new integrated government. The majorRead MoreEducation Of Women During The Colonial Period Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pageschanged immensely. Between colonial times and the present day, women have made great strides in education. In colonial times, education for most women was limited to reading the bible. Since then, women have earned equality in primary and secondary education as well as college. This process has been aided by the enacting laws and through decisions of the courts. This has led to the equal opportunity that women enjoy today. Colonial Days Throughout the colonial period education was limited to bothRead MoreThe Philippine Architecture: Spanish Colonial Period18287 Words   |  74 PagesSpanish Colonial Period Chapter Review Arch 117 Abegail Imee R. Enriquez 2012-68836 Spanish Colonial Period How does Spanish Colonial architecture reflect Filipino identity? Discuss the various building types and their relationship to pre-colonial architecture in your arguments. Spanish colonial architecture reflects Filipino identity mostly through the Religious Architecture. As what the world knows, Philippines is the only Catholic country in Southeast Asia; thus, most of our structures all

Life and Work of John Bowlby Free Essays

string(34) " by the psychoanalytic community\." Bowlby was born in London to an upper-middle-class family. He was the fourth of six children and was brought up by a nanny in the British fashion of his class at that time. His father, Sir Anthony Bowlby, first Baronet, was surgeon to the King’s Household, with a tragic history: at age five, Sir Anthony’s own father (John’s grandfather) was killed while serving as a war correspondent in the Opium Wars. We will write a custom essay sample on Life and Work of John Bowlby or any similar topic only for you Order Now Normally, Bowlby saw his mother only one hour a day after teatime, though during the summer she was more available. Like many other mothers of her social class, she considered that parental attention and affection would lead to dangerous spoiling of the children. Bowlby was lucky in that the nanny in his family was present throughout his childhood. [1] When Bowlby was almost four years old, his beloved nanny, who was actually his primary caretaker in his early years, left the family. Later, he was to describe this as tragic as the loss of a mother. At the age of seven, he was sent off to boarding school, as was common for boys of his social status. In his work Separation: Anxiety and Anger, he revealed that he regarded it as a terrible time for him. He later said, â€Å"I wouldn’t send a dog away to boarding school at age seven†. [2] Because of such experiences as a child, he displayed a sensitivity to children’s suffering throughout his life. However, with his characteristic attentiveness to the effects of age differences, Bowlby did consider boarding schools appropriate for children aged eight and older, and wrote, â€Å"If the child is maladjusted, it may be useful for him to be away for part of the year from the tensions which produced his difficulties, and if the home is bad in other ways the same is true. The boarding school has the advantage of preserving the child’s all-important home ties, even if in slightly attenuated form, and, since it forms part of the ordinary social pattern of most Western communities today [1951], the child who goes to boarding-school will not feel different from other children. Moreover, by relieving the parents of the children for part of the year, it will be possible for some of them to develop more favorable attitudes toward their children during the remainder. [3] He married Ursula Longstaff, herself the daughter of a surgeon, on April 16, 1938, and they had four children, including (Sir) Richard Bowlby, who succeeded his uncle as third Baronet. Bowlby died at his summer home on the Isle of Skye, Scotland. Career Bowlby studied psychology and pre-clinical sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge, winning prizes for outstanding intellectual performance. After Cambridge, he worked with maladjusted and delinquent children, then at the age of twenty-two enrolled at University College Hospital in London. At the age of twenty-six, he qualified in medicine. While still in medical school he enrolled himself in the Institute for Psychoanalysis. Following medical school, he trained in adult psychiatry at the Maudsley Hospital. In 1937, aged 30, he qualified as a psychoanalyst. During World War II, he was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Royal Army Medical Corps. After the war, he was Deputy Director of the Tavistock Clinic, and from 1950, Mental Health Consultant to the World Health Organization. Because of his previous work with maladapted and delinquent children, he became interested in the development of children and began work at the Child Guidance Clinic in London. This interest was probably increased by a variety of wartime events involving separation of young children from familiar people; these included the rescue of Jewish children by the Kindertransport arrangements, the evacuation of children from London to keep them safe from air raids, and the use of group nurseries to allow mothers of young children to contribute to the war effort. [4] Bowlby was interested from the beginning of his career in the problem of separation and the wartime work of Anna Freud and Dorothy Burlingham on evacuees and Rene Spitz on orphans. By the late 1950s he had accumulated a body of observational and theoretical work to indicate the fundamental importance for human development of attachment from birth. [2] Bowlby was interested in finding out the actual patterns of family interaction involved in both healthy and pathological development. He focused on how attachment difficulties were transmitted from one generation to the next. In his development of attachment theory he propounded the idea that attachment behaviour was essentially an evolutionary survival strategy for protecting the infant from predators. Mary Ainsworth, a student of Bowlby’s, further extended and tested his ideas, and in fact played the primary role in suggesting that several attachment styles existed. The three most important experiences for Bowlby’s future work and the development of attachment theory were his work with: Maladapted and delinquent children. James Robertson (in 1952) in making the documentary film A Two-Year Old Goes to the Hospital, which was one of the films about †young children in brief separationâ€Å". The documentary illustrated the impact of loss and suffering experienced by young children separated from their primary caretakers. This film was instrumental in a campaign to alter hospital restrictions on visiting by parents. In 1952 when he and Robertson presented their film A Two Year Old Goes to Hospital to the British Psychoanalytical Society, psychoanalysts did not accept that a child would mourn or experience grief on separation but instead saw the child’s distress as caused by elements of unconscious fantasies (in the film because the mother was pregnant). Melanie Klein during his psychoanalytic training. She was his supervisor; however they had different views about the role of the mother in the treatment of a three-year-old boy. Specifically and importantly, Klein stressed the role of the child’s fantasies about his mother, but Bowlby emphasized the actual history of the relationship. Bowlby’s views—that children were responding to real life events and not unconscious fantasies—were rejected by psychoanalysts, and Bowlby was effectively ostracized by the psychoanalytic community. You read "Life and Work of John Bowlby" in category "Essay examples" He later expressed the view that his interest in real-life experiences and situations was â€Å"alien to the Kleinian outlook†. [2] Maternal deprivation Main article: Maternal deprivation In 1949, Bowlby’s earlier work on delinquent and affectionless children and the effects of hospitalised and institutionalised care lead to his being commissioned to write the World Health Organization’s report on the mental health of homeless children in post-war Europe. [5] The result was Maternal Care and Mental Health published in 1951. [6] Bowlby drew together such limited empirical evidence as existed at the time from across Europe and the USA. His main conclusions, that â€Å"the infant and young child should experience a warm, intimate, and continuous relationship with his mother (or permanent mother substitute) in which both find satisfaction and enjoyment† and that not to do so may have significant and irreversible mental health consequences, were both controversial and influential. The 1951 WHO publication was highly influential in causing widespread changes in the practices and prevalence of institutional care for infants and children, and in changing practices relating to the visiting of infants and small children n hospitals by parents. The theoretical basis was controversial in many ways. He broke with psychoanalytic theories which saw infants’ internal life as being determined by fantasy rather than real life events. Some critics profoundly disagreed with the necessity for maternal (or equivalent) love in order to function normally,[7] or that the formation of an ongoing relationship with a child was an important part of parenting. [8] Others questioned the extent to which his hypothesis was supported by the evidence. There was criticism of the confusion of the effects of privation (no primary attachment figure) and deprivation (loss of the primary attachment figure) and in particular, a failure to distinguish between the effects of the lack of a primary attachment figure and the other forms of deprivation and understimulation that may affect children in institutions. [9] The monograph was also used for political purposes to claim any separation from the mother was deleterious in order to discourage women from working and leaving their children in daycare by governments concerned about maximising employment for returned and returning servicemen. 9] In 1962 WHO published Deprivation of maternal care: A Reassessment of its Effects to which Mary Ainsworth, Bowlby’s close colleague, contributed with his approval, to present the recent research and developments and to address misapprehensions. [10] This publication also attempted to address the previous lack of evidence on the effects of paternal deprivation. According to Rutter the importance of Bowlby’s initial writings on ‘maternal deprivation’ lay in his emphasis that children’s experiences of interpersonal relationships were crucial to their psychological development. 8] Development of attachment theory Bowlby himself explained in his 1988 work â€Å"A Secure Base† that the data were not, at the time of the publication of Maternal Care and Mental Health, â€Å"accommodated by any theory then current and in the brief time of my employment by the World Health Organization there was no possibility of developing a new one†. He then went on to describe the subsequent development of attachment theory. 11] Because he was dissatisfied with traditional theories, Bowlby sought new understanding from such fields as evolutionary biology, ethology, developmental psychology, cognitive science and control systems theory and drew upon them to formulate the innovative proposition that the mechanisms underlying an infants tie emerged as a result of evolutionary pressure. [12] â€Å"Bowlby realised that he had to develop a new theory of motivation and behaviour control, built on up-to-date science rather than the outdated psychic energy model espoused by Freud. [5] Bowlby expressed himself as having made good the â€Å"deficiencies of the data and the lack of theory to link alleged cause and effect† in Maternal Care and Mental Health in his later work Attachment and Loss published in 1969. [13] Ethology and evolutionary concepts â€Å"From the 1950s Bowlby was in personal and scientific contact with leading European scientists in the field of ethology, namely Niko Tinbergen, Konrad Lorenz, and especially the rising star of ethology Robert Hinde. Using the viewpoints of this emerging science and reading extensively in the ethology literature, Bowlby developed new explanatory hypotheses for what is now known as human attachment behaviour. In particular, on the basis of ethological evidence he was able to reject the dominant Cupboard Love theory of attachment prevailing in psychoanalysis and learning theory of the 1940s and 1950s. He also introduced the concepts of environmentally stable or labile human behaviour allowing for the revolutionary combination of the idea of a species-specific genetic bias to become attached and the concept of individual differences in attachment security as environmentally labile strategies for adaptation to a specific childrearing niche. Alternately, Bowlby’s thinking about the nature and function of the caregiver-child relationship influenced ethological research, and inspired students of animal behaviour such as Tinbergen, Hinde, and Harry Harlow. Bowlby spurred Hinde to start his ground breaking work on attachment and separation in primates (monkeys and humans), and in general emphasized the importance of evolutionary thinking about human development that foreshadowed the new interdisciplinary approach of evolutionary psychology. Obviously, the encounter of ethology and attachment theory led to a genuine cross-fertilization† (Van der Horst, Van der Veer Van IJzendoorn, 2007, p. 321). [14][15] The â€Å"Attachment and Loss† trilogy Main articles: Attachment theory and Attachment in children Before the publication of the trilogy in 1969, 1972 and 1980, the main tenets of attachment theory, building on concepts from ethology and developmental psychology, were presented to the British Psychoanalytical Society in London in three now classic papers: The Nature of the Child’s Tie to His Mother (1958), Separation Anxiety (1959), and Grief and Mourning in Infancy and Early Childhood (1960). Bowlby rejected psychoanalyst explanations for attachment, and in return, psychoanalysts rejected his theory. At about the same time, Bowlby’s former colleague, Mary Ainsworth was completing extensive observational studies on the nature of infant attachments in Uganda with Bowlby’s ethological theories in mind. Her results in this and other studies contributed greatly to the subsequent evidence base of attachment theory as presented in 1969 in Attachment the first volume of the Attachment and Loss trilogy. [16] The second and third volumes, Separation: Anxiety and Anger and Loss: Sadness and Depression followed in 1972 and 1980 respectively. Attachment was revised in 1982 to incorporate recent research. According to attachment theory, attachment in infants is primarily a process of proximity seeking to an identified attachment figure in situations of perceived distress or alarm for the purpose of survival. Infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with the infant, and who remain as consistent caregivers for some months during the period from about 6 months to two years of age. Parental responses lead to the development of patterns of attachment which in turn lead to ‘internal working models’ which will guide the individual’s feelings, thoughts, and expectations in later relationships. [5] In Bowlby’s approach, the human infant is considered to have a need for a secure relationship with adult caregivers, without which normal social and emotional development will not occur. As the toddler grows, it uses its attachment figure or figures as a â€Å"secure base† from which to explore. Mary Ainsworth used this feature plus â€Å"stranger wariness† and reunion behaviours, other features of attachment behaviour, to develop a research tool called the â€Å"Strange Situation Procedure† for developing and classifying different attachment styles. The attachment process is not gender specific as infants will form attachments to any consistent caregiver who is sensitive and responsive in social interactions with the infant. The quality of the social engagement appears to be more influential than amount of time spent. 16] Darwin biography Bowlby’s last work, published posthumously, is a biography of Charles Darwin, which discusses Darwin’s â€Å"mysterious illness† and whether it was psychosomatic. [17] Bowlby’s legacy Main article: Attachment theory Although not without its critics, attachment theory has been described as the dominant approach to understanding early social development and to have given rise to a great surge of empirical research into the formation of children’s close relationships. 18] As it is presently formulated and used for research purposes, Bowlby’s attachment theory stresses the following important tenets:[19] 1) Children between 6 and about 30 months are very likely to form emotional attachments to familiar caregivers, especially if the adults are sensitive and responsive to child communications. 2) The emotional attachments of young children are shown behaviourally in their preferences for particular familiar people, their tendency to seek proximity to those people, especially in times of distress, and their ability to use the familiar adults as a secure base from which to explore the environment. ) The formation of emotional attachments contributes to the foundation of later emotional and personality development, and the type of behaviour toward familiar adults shown by toddlers has some continuity with the social behaviours they will show later in life. 4) Events that interfere with attachment, such as abrupt separation of the toddler from familiar people or the significant inability of carers to be sensitive, responsive or consistent in their interactions, have short-term and possible long-term negative impacts on the child’s emotional and cognitive life. 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My Suicidal Happiness Essays - Psychiatry, Psychology, Anxiety

My Suicidal Happiness Marissa Thomson Some of the thoughts sneak into your mind without your knowledge, and some of the thoughts are already in your mind without your knowledge. Music can either trigger this hidden knowledge, or it can draw out the already present knowledge to the surface of your mind. Anxiety disorder doesn't arrive at your doorstep with a pretty little bow and it doesn't just go away within one day either. Anxiety among us sufferers can be debilitating even when faced with the activities of our daily life. Going to school, to work, to shops, paying bills or even going to the doctors can seem incredibly difficult for someone suffering with anxiety. Relief only appears from avoidance and withdrawal from these aspects of our daily life. This often translates into some types of depression, a common secondary effect of prolonged and/or untreated anxiety disorders. The purpose of this narrative essay is not to provide you with ideas on how to treat anxiety or panic, but to tell you my story with my daily struggles and to remind you that anxiety, depression, or any other mental diagnosis doesn't define who you are, and one day you will see that going through your struggles is what made you the great person that you are. I honestly can't pin point an exact time in my life when the signs of anxiety started showing, maybe it's because they were always there in the back of my mind. If I had to pick a certain event in my life that could have possibly planted the seed of anxiety into my life I would choose my parents divorce. I know I know, I'm 18 years old, I can't always blame my parents divorce for whatever goes wrong in my life, but why else would a five-year-old girl start showing symptoms of anxiety? If anxiety were my only issue throughout my life, I could probably handle that but I can promise you that there is a lot more to me than just severe anxiety disorder. Throughout my childhood I would always do my best to fit in with the other kids, but growing up in a catholic school it was made very clear that divorce was a sin and I, being the only child for 6 years with divorced parents I knew and everyone else knew that I was different, and the way I was treated was a reflection of that. I was fin e knowing that I was different from everyone else, because I knew that regardless of the fact that parents weren't together I still had two parents who loved me more than anything in the world, but the kids at my school didn't see it that way. Year after year, sitting in the same classroom with the same kids I was always the weird one', I always sat by myself, eat lunch alone, and spent recess alone. Even though spending all this time alone was hard, the real struggle started when the taunting began. In the fifth grade people in my class actually started to include me in activities, and this was the most exciting news for me, until I found out that they only started to build me up to tear me down. "You're a freak" "Nobody loves you" "Its your fault your parents got a divorce" "Why don't you go kill yourself and make everyone happy?" I still ask myself on a daily basis what I did to deserve that, why on earth was that conversation on the playground. It was this bullying that I believ ed caused my social anxiety. To this day I still find it hard to take a compliment because in the back of my mind I still think that someone is just trying to tear me down again. The anxiety caused from the thoughts that someone is always trying to hurt me in some way eventually lead to my second diagnosis; major depression disorder. Thinking that someone is always out to get you is not a healthy way to live your life, but the events in school that most likely caused my anxiety are not completely the cause of my depression disorder. I was so young when my parents